Papaya Cultivation

Terms Growth

Plants can be grown in lowland and upland 700 - 1000 mdpl, rainfall of 1000 - 2000 mm / year, the optimum air temperature 22-26 degrees C and humidity around 40% and the wind is not too tight very good for pollination. Soil fertile, friable, contains humus and have a lot to hold water, ideal soil pH is neutral with a pH 6 -7.

Breeding

1. Requirements Seed
* seeds are used as seeds taken from fruits ripe properly and is derived from the tree of choice. The selection of fruit in the split second to take out the seeds. Seeds released later washed up skin that envelops the wasted seeds and dry them in a shady place.
* Fresh seeds are used for breeding. Seedlings should not be taken from the fruit is too ripe / old and not from trees that are old.

2. Seeding Techniques
* Seeds inserted at a depth of 1 cm and then cover with soil. Watered every day. Seeds germinate appear after 12-15 days. At the time of the height of 15-20 cm or 45-60 days the seedlings are ready for planting.
* The seeds can be planted directly. Seeding is done two or three months before it was moved to the seedling seedbed gardens.

3. Maintenance Nurseries / Seeding
In seedbed the seeds sown in rows with a distance of 5-10 cm. Seeds should not be planted deep, deep enough seeds, which is 1 cm. With proper maintenance, the seeds will grow after 3 weeks of planting.

4. Transfer of Seeds
The seeds mature, around the age of 2-3 months can be moved at the beginning of the rainy season.

Media Processing Plant

1. Preparation
Land cleared of grass, shrubs and other debris, then hoed / plowed and loosened

2. Embankment formation
* Shape embankment measuring the width of 200-250 cm, height 20-30 cm, long enough, the distance between embankment of 60 cm.
* Make a hole the size of 50 x 50 x 40 cm on the Embankment, with a spacing of 2 x 2.5 m.

3. Liming
If the land to be planted with papaya are acidic (pH less than 5), after being given a mature manure, should be added ± 1 kg Dolomite and allow 1-2 weeks.

4. Fertilization
Before fertilizers, soil will be dried papaya planted one week, then cover with soil mixture of three sacks of manure that has been rotten.

Planting techniques

1. Hole Making Plant
* Planting hole measuring 60 x 60 x 40 cm, which was dug in rows some. Let the empty holes to obtain sufficient sunlight. After the holes filled with soil mixed with dung 2-3 sacks. The holes were covered mound convex allowed 2-3 days until the soil settles. After that, the holes ready for planting. * The holes are made over 1-2 months of planting. If the seeds sown directly into the garden, the planting holes should be dug in advance. Planting holes for the seeds to be completed ± 5 months before the rainy season.

2. How Planting
Each hole is filled with fruit seeds 3-4. A few months later will be seen plants that male and female or androgynous.

Plant maintenance

1. Thinning and Replanting
Spacing plants is conducted to obtain female plants besides some male tree trunks. This is done when the plant begins to flower.

2. Weeding
Papaya orchard as well as other fruit orchards, require weeding (disposal of grass).

3. Fertilization
Papaya trees require a lot of fertilizer, especially organic fertilizer, providing nutrients required and can maintain soil moisture.
The way the provision of fertilizer:
* Each week after planting chemical fertilizers, ZA 50 grams, 25 grams of urea, 50 grams TSP and 25 grams of KCl, mixed and planted in a circle.
* One month later did a second fertilizing composition ZA 75 grams, 35 grams of urea, 75 grams TSP and 40 grams of KCl
* When the age of 3-5 months to do a third fertilizing composition ZA 75 grams, 50 grams of urea, 75 gramTSP, 50 grams of KCl
* Age 6 months and 1 month onwards by ZA fertilizer with 100 grams, 60 grams of urea, 75 gramTSP, and 75 grams of KCl

4. Irrigation and Watering
Papaya plants require enough water but do not hold the stagnant water. Then irrigation and drainage should be regulated carefully. Especially in areas with lots of rain and earthy clay, then it must be made trenches. In the dry season, papaya plants should be watered frequently.

Pests and Diseases
Plant lice (Aphid sp., Mites). Soft body length of 2-3 mm green, yellow or black. Has a pair of tube bulge at the back of the abdomen, Maunder and long legs. Adult fleas, no wings and no. Damage plants by sucking fluids with a suction nose long in the mouth.
Control of: spray with pesticides alternately
Diseases are often detrimental to the papaya plant is a disease caused by a fungus, mosaic virus, collapsed seedlings, fruit rot, root neck, stem and nematodes.
Disease die footman diisebabkan by the fungus Phytophthora parasitica, P. palmivora and Pythium aphanidermatum.
Attacking papaya fruit and stems. Prevention:  Good lawn care, maintaining cleanliness and drainage and distribution of pesticides into the planting hole, while the root rot disease caused by the fungus Meloidogyne incognita.
If the land has been planted with papaya, papaya plant suggested not to go back, to prevent nematode attack. Plants infected by nematodes cause leaf yellowing, wilting and death.

Harvest and Post-Harvest

1. Characteristics and Harvest
Papaya plants can be harvested after 9-12 months old. Papaya fruit should be picked when the fruit was giving signs of maturity: the fruit skin color begins to turn yellow. But many farmers are picking them when the fruit is not overripe.

2. How to Harvest
Harvesting is done in various ways, in general, the harvest / picking is done by using the "songgo" (in the form of bamboo in half cone-shaped end that is useful to keep the fruit does not fall when picked).

3. Harvest Period
Harvesting is done every 10 days.

Read more »

Seaweed Cultivation

A. BACKGROUND

Seaweed was first recognized by the Chinese about - about the year 2700 BC. At the time of seaweed are widely used for vegetable and medicine. In 65 BC, the Romans use it as basic material for cosmetics. But with the time, knowledge about seaweed growing. Spain, France, and England made the seaweed as the raw material for making glass.

B. The content of
Seaweed is widely used is of a type of red algae (Rhodophyceae) for containing jelly, Yeast, porpiran, furcelaran or pigment fikobilin (consisting of fikoeretrin and phycocyanin) which is a provision of foods that contain lots of carbohydrates. But there are also utilizing the type of brown algae (Phaeophyceae). The brown algae are rich in pigment chlorophyll a and c, beta carotene, violasantin and fukosantin, pirenoid, and sheets of photosynthesis (filakoid). Besides that brown algae also contain food reserves in the form of laminarin, cellulose, and Algin. Besides the material before, red and brown algae contains many jodium.

C. Benefits

1. Jelly
The people generally recognize jelly  in the form of flour used for making pudding. But people do not know exactly what jelly  was. Jelly is sulfanik acid which is an ester of a linear galakto and obtained by extracting the algae types Agarophytae. Jelly is in character soluble in hot water and insoluble in cold water. Now is the use of jelly  is growing, that were once only for the food alone is now being used in textiles, cosmetics, and others. Its main function is as a stabilizer and emulsifier, thickeners, fillers, and material for gel. In the industry, jelly  is widely used in the food industry such as for making bread, soups, sauces, ice cream, jelly, candy, sherbet, cheese, pudding, jam, beer, wine, coffee, and chocolate. In the pharmaceutical industry as a purgative or laxative, packing capsule, and mixed materials printer samples tooth. In the textile industry can be used to protect the sheen of silk. In the cosmetics industry, jelly useful in the manufacture of ointments, creams, lotions, lipstick and soap. In addition there are many other benefits of jelly, such as for making the film plates, toothpaste, shoe polish, paper, and canning of fish and meat.

2. Yeast
Yeast is a polysaccharide compound composed of units of D-galactose and L-galactose 3.6 anhidrogalaktosa linked by ties 1-4 glikosilik. Characteristic of the yeast is any unit lactose binds sulfate groups, the amount of sulfates approximately 35.1%. The usefulness of yeast is similar to jelly, among others as stabilizers, thickeners, gelling and emulsifying. Yeast is widely used in the food industry for the manufacture of cakes, breads, Makroni, jam, jelly, fruit juice, beer, ice cream, and gel coating of meat products. In the pharmaceutical industry commonly used for toothpaste and drugs - drugs. It can also be used in textiles, paints and cosmetics.

3. Algin (Alginate)
Algin is derived from brown algae seaweed. Algin is a polymer of uronat acids arranged in the form of long linear chains. Form of algin in the market are often found in powder natrium, kalium or ammonium alginate is water soluble.
Alginate in the industrial usefulness is as thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, and forming a thin layer that is resistant to oil. Alginate in the industry are widely used in the food industry for the manufacture of ice cream, sherbet, ice milk, bread, cake, candy, butter, sauces, meat canning, jams, syrups, and pudding. In the pharmaceutical industry commonly used for tablets, ointments, capsules, patches, and filter. Cosmetics industry for cream, lotion, shampoo, hair dye. And in other industries such as textiles, paper, photography, insecticides, pesticides and wood preservatives.

E. Ecology Seaweed
Seaweed was first found living naturally not cultivated. They are scattered in the waters in accordance with environmental needs. Seaweed need a stick to support life. In nature this can be a sticking point of dead coral, shells of mollusks, and can also be sand and mud.
Additionally seaweed in dire need sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. The amount of sunlight is heavily influenced by the sea water transparency. So that the needs of sunlight available in the optimal amount it must set the depth of the cultivate them. Depth ideally be 30-50 cm from the surface of the water.
The process of photosynthesis of seaweed is not only influenced by sunlight alone, but also require nutrients in sufficient quantities both macro and micro. This nutrient is obtained a lot of environmental water is absorbed directly by the whole plant. To supply nutrient fertilization is usually done during cultivation. To help provide some nutrients in optimal amounts and so quickly absorbed by the seaweed, then it must be provided nutrients that are already in a state ready for use (ionic).
Seaweed growth was also influenced by the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity (salt content) and temperature. The content of oxygen in addition affected by the water movement is also influenced by the availability of nutrients. The ideal temperature for growing seaweed is around 200-280 C.

E. Seaweed Cultivation
In running the seaweed cultivation, the first to be considered in the selection of farms. We recommend cultivated farms in waters that are not fluctuating salinity (salt content) were great and free from pollution industry and households. In addition the site selection should also consider the economic aspects and labor.
Seaweed cultivation can be done in the area off the coast and in the ponds. For the cultivation of the waters off the divided into several methods, are:
* Basic Release Method
Where is the way this is done by tying the rope seaweed seedlings are set in rows in the sea waters with a depth of 30-60 cm. Seaweed planted in bottom waters.
* Raft Method
This Method is done in waters deeper than 60 cm. Working with a binding grass seed on ropes tied to peg in a position like floating in the middle of the water depth.
* Hanging rope Method
If the above two methods seaweed seed position in a horizontal position (horizontal), then the method is done with the hanging rope tying seaweed seedlings in a vertical position (perpendicular) to the rope arranged in rows.

F. Harvest
At stage of harvesting must be considered the way and the right time in order to obtain results in accordance with market demand in terms of quality and quantity.
Plants can be harvested after the age of 6-8 weeks after planting. Way of harvesting is to remove the entire plant seaweed ashore. If seaweed is harvested at the age of about one month, it will usually be obtained ratio of wet weight and dry weight of 8: 1, and if harvested at two months of age will usually be obtained ratio of 6: 1. To types gracilaria usually obtained yields of about 1500-2000 kg in one hectare dried seaweed.

Read more »

Catfish Cultivation

I. Introduction
Catfish is a fish species that is popular with the public, with a delicious flavor, the meat is tender, irregular spines and can be expressed in a wide variety of cuisines.

II. catfish hatchery
Catfish farming is to produce seed to a particular size by mating male and female parent in special spawning ponds. Catfish hatchery has a good prospect with a high consumption of catfish and catfish enlargement many efforts.

III. Cultivation System
There are 3 seeding system, namely:
a. Bulk Systems. Performed by placing a male and female catfish in a pond with a certain ratio. In     this system the male parent can freely search for a partner for mating invited in spawning nests, so it depends on the activity of the male parent looking for a partner.
b. The partner system. Performed by placing a male and female parent in a special pool. Its success is determined by the accuracy of determining the matching pairs between both parents.
c. The seeding Injection System (Hyphofisasi).
Sought to stimulate the catfish to spawn or ovulation by injection Hyphofise gland extract, which are next to the bottom of the cerebrum. For this purpose there should be fish as donor Hyphofise gland which should also be of a type of catfish.

IV. Cultivation Process Stage

A. Making the pool

There are two kinds / types of pools, the tubs and pools (pool excavation). Selection of pool type should be tailored to the available land. Technically good at tube types and types of excavation, catfish hatchery must have:
Swimming reservoir. Get input directly from outside water / water source. Serves to siltation, water supply, and growth of plankton. Swimming reservoir is a source of water for the pool to the other.
Pool maintenance of parent. Male and female parent during egg maturation maintained in a separate pool as well as the maturation of the egg and sperm cells.
Spawning Pool. Points mating male and female parent. In this pool should be available from the spawning nests roofed, brick, bamboo and others as a male and female parent relationship.
Separating pool. Serves to raise puppies that have hatched and have aged 3-4 days. The move was made in middle age begin to require feed puppies, which previously were using egg yolk reserves parent in his digestive tract.

B. Selection of Parent

Male parent have some signs:
- bone shaped flat head
- darker colors
- more agile movement
- slim stomach does not look bigger than the back
- pointy shaped genitals.

Male parent have some signs:
- bone head convex
- body color brighter
- slow motion
- stomach expands more than the back of the genitals spherical.

C. Land preparation
The process of using the land (in ground pools) include:
- Drying. To clean the pool and off various germs.
- Liming. Is done with Dolomite lime or zeolite dosage of 60 gr / m2 to restore soil acidity and deadly germs that are not killed by drying.
- Water Entered . Done in stages, initially as high as 30 cm and left for 3-4 days to grow plankton as natural feed catfish.
In this type of pool in the form of a tub, pool preparation to do is:
    * Cleaning tubs of dirt / residual hatchery before.
    * Drying the tub to dry and dead germs.

D. Spawning
Spawning is the process of meeting the male and female parent to release an egg and sperm cells. Signs that the male parent is ready for mating red genitals. The female parent sign yellow egg (if immature green). Cell fertilized egg attaches to the nest and within 24 hours will hatch into chicks catfish.

E.Transfer
How to transfer:
- reduce water in the spawning nests until the water level 10-20 cm
- prepare a shelter with a bowl or bucket filled with water in the nest
- equate the temperature in the all of pool
- seed removal from the nest to the container holding the cup or plate
- removal of seeds from the shelter to the pond with caution at night, because it is still vulnerable to high water temperatures

F. Pool Separating.
Up to size enlargement is ready to sell, that is 5-7 cm, 7-9 cm long and 9-12 cm with different prices. Pool separating surface is given in the form of water hyacinth or protective cover of plastic to avoid the rising water temperatures that lead to easy stress catfish. Feeding done since seedlings were transferred to the pool separating catfish this.

V. Feed management
Catfish feed chicks form:
- natural plankton, larvae, water fleas and worms are small (most excellent) consumed in the age under 3-4 days
- Artificial feed for age over 3-4 days. The content of nutrients must be high, especially protein levels

VI. Water management
Water quality can be assessed physically:
- Water must be clean
- bright green
- brightness / transparency medium (30-40 cm)

Chemical water quality:
- free of toxic compounds such as ammonia
- the optimal temperature (22-26 0C)

VI. Health management
Basically, catfish reared chicks will not hurt if you have a high endurance. Child catfish become more pain caused by environmental conditions (water) is bad. Bad water conditions is very encouraging growth of various germs, and includes protozoa, fungi, bacteria and others. So in catfish hatchery health management, the more important is the preservation of water conditions and high nutrition.

Read more »